Rehabilitation and strengthening of these muscles are used to treat these conditions, 1, 2, 17 and prophylactic exercises targeting the intrinsic foot muscles may aid in injury prevention. 8– 11 Several conditions, such as plantar fasciopathy, 1, 3, 6 hallux valgus, 12– 14 and pes planus, 1, 12, 15, 16 are associated with weakened or atrophied intrinsic foot muscles. The extrinsic foot muscles primarily provide osteokinematic movements, 1, 2 whereas the intrinsic foot muscles maintain the medial longitudinal arch, 3– 6 control the degree and velocity of arch deformation, 7 and aid in postural control during stance and gait. The foot is an intricate structure consisting of a complex network of bones, ligaments, and muscles that work synchronously to maintain its shape and allow movements such as walking and running.
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